The Brights' Net

Morálka je produktem evoluce a lidské zkušenosti.

Vývoj morálky záležel na vývoji biochemie mozku a na sociokulturním vývoji. Výše jsou zobrazeny neuroanatomické struktury spojené s morálkou (Pascual et al., 2013).

Je lidská morálka produktem přírody? Nebo výchovy? Ve společenských vědách byl dlouho spor o to, kdo je za ní odpovědný. Debata byla do značné míry neproduktivní. Zdá se, že morálka vznikla působením obou, přírody i výchovy.[1][2]

Sama příroda dodává mnoho prvků lidské morální psychologie. Výzkum evolučních behaviorálních věd nashromáždil pro to silné důkazy: hardware našich mozků je předem naprogramován se sklony k morálnímu jednání. Jsme schopni stydět se, spolupracovat.[3] Jsme již vybaveni pro empatii, altruismus a soucit.[4]

Ovšem, také jsme přímo vybaveni pro to, co většina lidí považuje za nemorální chování. Je zásluhou našich mozků, že lidé jsou schopni násilí. Někdy působíme bolest.[5][6]

Lidé jsou vedeni přírodou, aby se naučili etickému chování v jejich sociálním prostředí.[7] Toho se zúčastní i výchova. Je důležitá výchova v rodině. Socializace s vrstevníky a komunitou o tom, co je "správné" nebo "špatné" je rozhodující pro utváření chování.[8][9]

Sladění těchto různorodých částí nás samých vyžaduje pochopení sociální a kognitivní komplexnosti lidstva. Jedna věc je z výzkumu zřejmá: náboženský imperativ není pro morálku nutný.[10] Výzkum ukazuje, že se morální city podporující naši péči a pomoc druhým vyvinuly nezávisle na náboženství.[11][12]

Endnotes

Cushman, F. A., Young, L., & Greene, J. (2010). Our multi-system moral psychology: Towards a consensus view. In J. Doris et al. (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Moral Psychology. Oxford University Press.
Heiphetz, L., & Young, L. (2014). A social cognitive developmental perspective on moral judgment. Behaviour, 151(2-3).
Tomasello, M. & Vaish, A. (2013). Origins of human cooperation and morality. Annual Review of Psychology, 64, 231–55.
Pascual, L., Rodrigues, P., & Gallardo-Pujol, D. (2013). How does morality work in the brain?: A functional and structural perspective of moral behaviors. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience, 7 (65).
Cosmides, L., & Tooby, J. (2005). Neurocognitive adaptations designed for social exchange. In D. M. Buss (Ed.), Evolutionary Psychology Handbook. NY: Wiley.
Müller, J. L., Sommer, M., Wagner, V., Lange, K., Taschler, H., Röder, C. H., Schuierer, G., Klein, H.E., & Hajak, G. (2003). Abnormalities in emotion processing within cortical and subcortical regions in criminal psychopaths: Evidence from a functional magnetic resonance imaging study using pictures with emotional content. Biological Psychiatry, 54(2), 152-162.
Graham, J., Nosek, B. A., Haidt, J., Iyer, R., Koleva, S., & Ditto, P. H. (2011). Mapping the moral domain. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101(2), 366-385.
Heiphetz, L., & Young, L. (2014). Ibid.
Norenzayan, A., Henrich, J., & E. Slingerland (2013) Religious Prosociality: A Synthesis. In P. J. Richerson & M. H. Christiansen (Eds.), Cultural Evolution: Society, Technology, Language and Religion. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
Norenzayan, A. (2014). Does religion make people moral? Behaviour, 151, 365-384.
Waal, F. B. M. (2013). The bonobo and the atheist: In search of humanism among the primates.
Shariff, A.F. & Norenzayan, A. (2007). God is watching you: Priming God concepts increases prosocial behavior in an anonymous economic game. Psychological Science, 18, 803-809.

Úvodní stránka

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Odkazy

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Cosmides, L. & Tooby, J. (2002). Knowing thyself: The evolutionary psychology of moral reasoning and moral sentiments. Business, Science and Ethics, 91-127.
Cosmides, L., & Tooby, J. (2005). Neurocognitive adaptations designed for social exchange. In D. M. Buss (Ed.), Evolutionary Psychology Handbook. NY: Wiley.
Cushman, F. A., & Greene, J. D. (2012). Finding faults: How moral dilemmas reveal cognitive structure. Social Neuroscience, 7(3), 269-279.
Cushman, F. A., Young, L., & Greene, J. (2010). Our multi-system moral psychology: Towards a consensus view. In J. Doris et al. (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Moral Psychology. Oxford University Press.
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The studies linked on this page are accessible via the researchers' websites and other public domain sources. If not linked, those studies are only available via academic journals.