Ĉar moraleco estiĝis per evoluo, ĝi ekzistas en ĉiuj socioj kaj kulturoj.
La plej komunaj moralaĵoj, kiel la ĉi-prezentitaj, okazas ĉie, en ĉiuj homaj kulturoj, senescepte. Tial, tiaj universalaj moralaĵoj plej verŝajne estas evoluintaj psikologiaj fenomenoj (Brown, 1991).
La sciencisto de homaj kulturoj, Donald E. Brown, ne planis eltrovi la moralan unuecon de homaro. Sed ja, tion li trovis.
Li serĉis kondutajn aŭ mensajn trajtojn, kiujn ĉiuj neŭrologie normalaj homoj posedas. Li volis fari liston de la “universalaj homaj trajtoj” en ĉiuj socioj.
Lia laboro malkaŝis multe da aspektoj de morala konduto kaj etikaj kutimoj, kiuj estis identa inter ĉiu kulturo.
La sistemoj de religioj kaj kredoj trans ĉiuj kontinentoj estis diversaj. Tamen, iujn kondutojn ĉiu sistemo malpermesis. Seksatenco? - malpermesita. Murdo? - malpermesita de ĉiu.[1]
Aliaj komunaĵoj malkovriĝis. Kunsento, ekzemple. Kunlaboro. Honto. La koncepto de justeco. Kaj tiel plu. De modernaj okcidentaj demokratioj al izolitaj indiĝenaj socioj – “universalaj moralaĵoj”.[2]
Jardekoj da transkultura esplorado konstatas, ke neniu socio estas la sola posedanto de bona konduto. Nek religio nek dio necesas por morala homa konduto, do, evoluo verŝajne estas ĉefkaŭzo.[3-7]
Nun, vasta amaso da tutmonda esplorado ekzistas pri transkultura moraleco.[8-11] La esplorado estas parte bazita sur la fundamentaj universalaj moralaĵoj, kiujn Brown identigis. La socia scientisto Ara Norenzayan resumas: “...La religia ligo al moraleco varias kulture; la ligo malfortas aŭ mankas en malgrandaj grupoj, kaj plifortiĝas kiam grupa grandeco kaj socia malsimpleco pliiĝas trans tempo kaj trans socioj.”[12]
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Konsultaĵoj
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The studies linked on this page are accessible via the researchers' websites and other public domain sources. If not linked, those studies are only available via academic journals.
