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عبارت علمی شماره یک

اخلاق محصول فرگشت و تجربه انسانی است

اخلاق محصول طبیعت است یا تربیت؟ این موضوع مباحثات طولانی مدت در علوم اجتماعی بوده است که چه کسی مسئول است. این مباحثات غالبا بدون نتیجه بوده است.به نظر میرسد اخلاق محصول هردو عامل طبیعت و تربیت است.

طبیعت از پیش بسیاری از عناصر روانشناختی اخلاق بشری را تامیین کرده است. پژوهشها در علوم رفتاری فرگشتی شواهد قوی را گردآورده است: سخت افزار مغز ما از قبل برای میل به قضاوت اخلاقی برنامه ریزی شده است. ما آماده ایم تا احساس شرم کنیم یا از خود همکاری و تعاون نشان دهیم. ما از قبل برای همدلی، نوع دوستی و شفقت مجهز شده ایم.

بنابراین ما به آسانی برای درک انچیزی که اکثر مردم آن را غیر اخلاقی میدانند مجهز شده ایم. به خاطر مغزمان، انسانها قادر به خشونت هستند.ما آماده ایم تا بعضی وقتها بیازاریم.

انسانها برای یادگیری اصول رفتاری در محیط اجتماعی خود از طرف طبیعت مجهز شده اند. بنابراین تا زمانی که زنده هستیم عامل تربیت در حال کار است. تربیت از سوی اعضای خانواده. اجتماعی شدن به وسیله همسالان و جوامع در شکل بخشیدن به درک ما از خوب و بد اهمیت حیاتی دارد.

برای تلفیق عناصر جدا از هم خودمان احتیاج داریم تا درک درستی از پیچیدگیهای اجتماعی و شناختی انسان داشته باشیم. در نتیجه پژوهشها این روشن است که: ضرورت وجود دین برای اخلاق لازم نیست. تحقیقات نشان میدهند احساسات اخلاقی از این دست که ما را برای مواظبت و کمک به دیگران تشویق میکنند مستقل از دین تکامل یافته اند.

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منابع

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