عبارت علمی شماره سه


از انجای که اخلاق در اثر فرگشت به وجود امده است در تمام جوامع و فرهنگها وجود دارد.

به دلیل اینکه انها بدون استثنا به شکل جهانی در تمام فرهنگهای بشری وجود دارند، اخلاق عام مانند انچیزی که اینجا نشان داده شده است به احتمال زیاد به عنوان یک پدیده روانی تکامل یافته است (Brown, 1991).

انسان شناس دونالد براون به هیچ وجه انتظار کشف وحدت اخلاقی نوع بشر را نداشت اما در واقع اینکار را کرد.

دانشمندان در جستجوی صفات مشترک رفتاری و شناختی همه انسانهای که از لحاظ عصبی نرمال بودند میگشتند، بدون اهمیت دادن به این که انها متعلق به کدام فرهنگ هستند. ایده انها لیست کردن تمام ویژگیهای جهانی انسان بود.

پروژه او الگوهای ثابت اخلاقی را در تمام واحدهای فرهنگی کشف کرد.

ادیان و نظامهای باور در تمام قارهای متنوع و رنگارنگ بودند. با این وجود رفتارهای خاصی در تمامی انها ممنوع بود. تجاوز به عنف؟ ممنوع شده است. قتل در تمام انها ممنوع شده است.

مشترکات اخلاقی دیگری هم شناسای شده اند.به عنوان مثال همدلی، همکاری ، شرم و مفهوم عدالت. از دموکراسیهای توسعه یافته غربی تا جوامع بومی دور افتاده "اخلاق جهانی"

دهه ها تحقیقات میان فرهنگی این را نشان میدهد که هیچ جامعه ای انحصار رفتار خوب را ندارد. رفتار اخلاقی انسان به هیچکدام از ترجیهای دینی و خدای بستگی ندارد. که این نکته اشاره به ریشه فرگشتی ان دارد.

در حال حاضر حجم گسترده ای از تحقیقات جهانی در مورد اخلاق در میان فرهنگها وجود دارد، بعضی از آنهای که بر اساس اخلاق جهانی است را بروان کشف کرده است. دانشمند علوم اجتماعی آقای آرا نورنزایان به شکلی خلاصه میگوید: ارتباط دین با اخلاق یک متغییر فرهنگی است این ارتباط یا خیلی ضعیف و یا در گروهای انسانی با مقیاس کوچک وجود ندارد. در گذر زمان و در تمامی جوامع، با افزایش پیچیدگیهای اجتماعی و اندازه گروه ها افزایش پیدا میکند.

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