The Brights

• home
  • HOME
  • Synopsis
  • Why the International Brights Movement?
  • Videos
  • Comprehension Self-Check
• the vision
  • THE VISION
  • Bright's Principles
  • Civic Considerations
  • Naturalistic Worldview Considerations
    • Understanding a World View
    • Examining the World View Spectrum (PDF)
    • Brights and Supers Compaired (PDF)
  • Symbolism
  • FAQs
  • Curing Misconceptions
  • Tagline Talk
  • Word Talk
  • Backtalk!
  • Essays on the Brights
• the people
  • THE PEOPLE
  • Enthusiastic Brights
  • Blogging Brights
  • Books by Brights
  • Comments by Brights
  • Favorite Quotes
  • Brights Sound Bites
  • Expressions and Illuminations
  • Brights Central
• the movement
  • THE MOVEMENT
  • A Synopsis
  • Making a Movement
  • Brights Videos
    • Main Page
    • Brights Talk
    • Civic Umbrella for a Wide-range Diversity
    • Brand new Term / Brand New Meaning
    • Inside the Brights Network
  • Being a Bright - A How-To
  • Examples of Participation
  • Expressing Your Naturalistic Worldview
  • Brights Merchandise
  • Brights' Toolbox
    • Describing "What Brights Want"
    • Confronting Mortality
    • How Can You Be Moral
    • Responses to "God Bless You"
    • Responses to "I'll Pray for You"
    • Responses to Child's "Human Origins" Query
    • Exclamations & Expletives
  • The Brights' Bulletin
  • Icons, Logos, & Banner Downloads
  • The Brights Community
    • Discussion Forum
    • Brights' Community Clusters
    • Brights-Friendly Meetups
    • Bumping Into Brights
    • Other Brights Sites
• the action
  • THE ACTION
  • Register
  • Activities
  • Support the Brights
  • Concepts
• community 
  • COMMUNITY
  • Discussion Forums
  • Brights' Community Clusters
  • Brights-Friendly Meetups
  • Bumping Into Brights
  • Other Brights Sites

عبارت علمی شماره یک

اخلاق محصول فرگشت و تجربه انسانی است

اخلاق محصول طبیعت است یا تربیت؟ این موضوع مباحثات طولانی مدت در علوم اجتماعی بوده است که چه کسی مسئول است. این مباحثات غالبا بدون نتیجه بوده است.به نظر میرسد اخلاق محصول هردو عامل طبیعت و تربیت است.

طبیعت از پیش بسیاری از عناصر روانشناختی اخلاق بشری را تامیین کرده است. پژوهشها در علوم رفتاری فرگشتی شواهد قوی را گردآورده است: سخت افزار مغز ما از قبل برای میل به قضاوت اخلاقی برنامه ریزی شده است. ما آماده ایم تا احساس شرم کنیم یا از خود همکاری و تعاون نشان دهیم. ما از قبل برای همدلی، نوع دوستی و شفقت مجهز شده ایم.

بنابراین ما به آسانی برای درک انچیزی که اکثر مردم آن را غیر اخلاقی میدانند مجهز شده ایم. به خاطر مغزمان، انسانها قادر به خشونت هستند.ما آماده ایم تا بعضی وقتها بیازاریم.

انسانها برای یادگیری اصول رفتاری در محیط اجتماعی خود از طرف طبیعت مجهز شده اند. بنابراین تا زمانی که زنده هستیم عامل تربیت در حال کار است. تربیت از سوی اعضای خانواده. اجتماعی شدن به وسیله همسالان و جوامع در شکل بخشیدن به درک ما از خوب و بد اهمیت حیاتی دارد.

برای تلفیق عناصر جدا از هم خودمان احتیاج داریم تا درک درستی از پیچیدگیهای اجتماعی و شناختی انسان داشته باشیم. در نتیجه پژوهشها این روشن است که: ضرورت وجود دین برای اخلاق لازم نیست. تحقیقات نشان میدهند احساسات اخلاقی از این دست که ما را برای مواظبت و کمک به دیگران تشویق میکنند مستقل از دین تکامل یافته اند.

Main Page

عبارت شماره دو

منابع

• Cesarini, D., Dawes, C. T., Fowler, J. H., Johannesson, M., Lichtenstein, P., & Wallace, B. (2008). Heritability of cooperative behavior in the trust game. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 105, 3721-3726.
• Cosmides, L. & Tooby, J. (2002). Knowing thyself: The evolutionary psychology of moral reasoning and moral sentiments.  Business, Science and Ethics, 91-127.
• Cosmides, L., & Tooby, J. (2005). Neurocognitive adaptations designed for social exchange. In D. M. Buss (Ed.), Evolutionary Psychology Handbook. NY: Wiley.
• Cushman, F. A., & Greene, J. D. (2012). Finding faults: How moral dilemmas reveal cognitive structure. Social Neuroscience, 7(3), 269-279.
• Cushman, F. A., Young, L., & Greene, J. (2010). Our multi-system moral psychology: Towards a consensus view. In J. Doris et al. (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Moral Psychology. Oxford University Press.
• Decety, J., & Chaminade, T. (2003). Neural correlates of feeling sympathy. Neuropsychologia - Special Issue on Social Cognition, 41(2), 127-138.
• DeQuervain, DJ-F., Fischbacher U., Treyer V., Schellhammer M., Schnyder U., Buck A., & Fehr E. (2004). The neural basis of altruistic punishment. Science, 305, 1254-1258.
• DeScioli, P., & Kurzban, R. (2009). Mysteries of morality. Cognition, 112, 281-299.
• DeScioli, P., & Kurzban, R. (2013). A solution to the mysteries of morality. Psychological Bulletin, 139, 477-496.
• Fehr, E. & Rockenbach, B. (2004). Human altruism: economic, neural, and evolutionary perspectives. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 14, 784–790.
• Heekeren, H. R., Wartenburger, I., Schmidt, H., Schwintowski, H. P. & Villringer, A. (2003). An fMRI study of simple ethical decision-making. Neuroreport, 14, 1215−1219.
• Heiphetz, L., & Young, L. (2014). A social cognitive developmental perspective on moral judgment. Behaviour, 151(2-3).
• Gervais, W. M., & Norenzayan, A. (2012) Like a camera in the sky? Thinking about God increases public self-awareness and socially desirable responding. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48, 298-302.
• Graham, J., Nosek, B. A., Haidt, J., Iyer, R., Koleva, S., & Ditto, P. H. (2011). Mapping the moral domain. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101(2), 366-385.
• Greene, J. D., Nystrom, L. E., Engell, A. D., Darley, J. M. & Cohen, J. D. (2004). The neural bases of cognitive conflict and control in moral judgment. Neuron, 44, 389−400.
• Greene, J.D., Sommerville, R.B., Nystrom, L.E., Darley, J.M. & Cohen, J.D. (2001). An fMRI investigation of emotional engagement in moral judgment. Science, 293, 2105-2108.
• Kiehl, K. A., Smith, A. M., Hare, R. D., Mendrek, A., Forster, B. B., Brink, J., & Liddle, P. F. (2001). Limbic abnormalities in affective processing by criminal psychopaths as revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Biological Psychiatry, 50(9), 677-684.
• Koenigs, M., Young, L., Adolphs, R., Tranel, D., Hauser, M., Cushman, F., & Damasio A. (2007). Damage to the prefrontal cortex increases utilitarian moral judgments. Nature, 446, 908-911.
• Kosfeld, M., Heinrichs, M., Zak, P. J., Fischbacher, U., & Fehr, E. (2005). Oxytocin increases trust in humans. Nature, 435, 673-676.
• McCabe K., Houser D., Ryan L., Smith V., & Trouard T. (2001). A functional imaging study of cooperation in two-person reciprocal exchange. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 98, 11832-11835.
• Moll, J., Eslinger, P. J. & Oliveira-Souza, R. (2001). Frontopolar and anterior temporal cortex activation in a moral judgment task: preliminary functional MRI results in normal subjects. Arq. Neuropsiquiatry, 59, 657−664.
• Moll, J., de Oliveira-Souza, R., Bramati, I. E. & Grafman, J. (2002). Functional networks in emotional moral and nonmoral social judgments. Neuroimage, 16, 696−703.
• Moll, J., de Oliveira-Souza, R., Eslinger, P. J., Bramati, I. E., Mourão-Miranda, J., Andreiuolo, P. A., & Pessoa, L. (2002). The neural correlates of moral sensitivity: a functional magnetic resonance imaging investigation of basic and moral emotions. The Journal of Neuroscience, 22(7), 2730-2736.
• Müller, J. L., Sommer, M., Wagner, V., Lange, K., Taschler, H., Röder, C. H., Schuierer, G., Klein, H.E., & Hajak, G. (2003). Abnormalities in emotion processing within cortical and subcortical regions in criminal psychopaths: Evidence from a functional magnetic resonance imaging study using pictures with emotional content. Biological Psychiatry, 54(2), 152-162.
• Norenzayan, A. (2014). Does religion make people moral? Behaviour, 151, 365-384.
• Norenzayan, A., Henrich, J., & E. Slingerland (2013) Religious Prosociality: A Synthesis. In P. J. Richerson & M. H. Christiansen (Eds.), Cultural Evolution: Society, Technology, Language and Religion. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
• Pascual, L., Rodrigues, P., & Gallardo-Pujol, D. (2013). How does morality work in the brain?: A functional and structural perspective of moral behaviors. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience, 7 (65).
• Pizarro, D.A., Inbar, Y., & Helion, C. (2011). On disgust and moral judgment. Emotion Review, 3, 267–268.
• Pizarro, D.A., Tannenbaum, D., & Uhlmann, E.L. (2012). Mindless, harmless, and blameworthy. Psychological Inquiry, 23, 185-188.
• Raine, A., Lencz, T., Bihrle, S., LaCasse, L. & Colletti, P. (2000). Reduced prefrontal gray matter volume and reduced autonomic activity in antisocial personality disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 57, 119−127; discussion 128−129.
• Rilling, J.K., Gutman, D.A., Zeh, T.R., Pagnoni, G., Berns, G.S., & Kilts, C.D. (2002.) A neural basis for social cooperation. Neuron, 35, 395-405.
• Saslow, L. R., Willer, R., Feinberg, M., Piff, P. K., Clark, K., Keltner, D., & Saturn, S. R. (2012). My brother’s keeper? Compassion predicts generosity more among less religious individuals. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 4, 31–38.
• Shariff, A.F. & Norenzayan, A. (2007). God is watching you: Priming God concepts increases prosocial behavior in an anonymous economic game. Psychological Science, 18, 803-809.
• Singer, T., Kiebel, S.J., Winston, J.S., Kaube, H., Dolan, R.J., & Frith, C.D. (2004). Brain responses to the acquired moral status of faces. Neuron, 41,653-662.
• Stone, V., Cosmides, L., Tooby, J., Kroll, N. & Knight, R.T. (2002.) Selective impairment of reasoning about social exchange in a patient with bilateral limbic system damage. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 99, 11531-11536.
• Soderstrom, H., Hultin, L., Tullberg, M., Wikkelso, C., Ekholm, S., & Forsman, A. (2002). Reduced frontotemporal perfusion in psychopathic personality. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 114(2), 81-94.
• Takahashi, H., Yahata, N., Koeda, M., Matsuda, T., Asai, K., & Okubo, Y. (2004). Brain activation associated with evaluative processes of guilt and embarrassment: An fMRI study. Neuroimage, 23(3), 967-974.
• Tomasello, M.  & Vaish, A. (2013). Origins of human cooperation and morality.  Annual Review of Psychology, 64, 231–55.
• Wallace, B., Cesarini, D., Lichtenstein, P., & Johannesson, M. (2007). Heritability of ultimatum game responder behavior. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 10(1073).
• Wallach, W., Franklin, S., & Allen, C. (2010). A conceptual and computational model of moral decision making in human and artificial agents. In W. Wallach & S. Franklin (Eds.), Topics in Cognitive Science, special issue on Cognitive Based Theories of Moral Decision Making (pp. 454-485): Cognitive Science Society.
• Young, L., Camprodon, J., Hauser, M., Pascual-Leone, A., & Saxe, R. (2010). Disruption of the right temporoparietal junction with transcranial magnetic stimulation reduces the role of beliefs in moral judgments. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107, 6753-6758.
• Young, L., Bechara, A., Tranel, D., Damasio, H., Hauser, M., & Damasio, A. (2010). Damage to ventromedial prefrontal cortex impairs judgment of harmful intent. Neuron, 65, 845-851.
• Young, L., Cushman, F., Adolphs, R., Tranel, D., & Hauser, M. D. (2006). Does emotion mediate the relationship between an action’s moral status and its intentional status? Neuropsychological evidence. Journal of Cognition and Culture, 6(1-2), 265-278.

• Register
• Support the Brights
• Contact Us
• Privacy
• Accessibility
• Top of Page